en:eebo:morphology2 - Příručka ČNK

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====== Lesson 7: Morphology II ======
 In this lesson we will continue to deal with morphological variantions in Early Modern English. Specifically, we will be looking at the verbal inflections which just like pronouns show a great deal of variation (see [[en:eebo:morphology1|Lesson Six]]).
===== Verbal endings =====

The verbal endings for the past tense has not always been as uniform as they are nowadays. In present day English the regular past tense does not take any additional suffixes besides -ed (although some verbs such as //did// are conjugated irregularly). The form stays the same for all of the persons, e.g. //He walked// and //You walked//. However, this has not always been the case. The form of the second-person singular used to be formed by the addition of suffix //-(e)st// which followed the past tense suffix //-ed//. We will have a look at one of the most frequent verbs in the English language, an auxilliary verb //to do//. Specifically, we will be looking at the 2nd person singular allomorphs in the past tense such as //did// and //didst//. 

While the endings for the third person singular endings //-th// and //-s// were only applied to the present tense (see [[en:eebo:competing_forms|Lesson Three]]), //-(e)st// was added to the verbs both in the present and past tense, e.g. The auxilliary verbs were also marked for person, e.g. didst or hadst. During the Early Middle English times, the speaker had an option between two forms: either adding//-edst// suffix behind  the verb or just //-ed//. Eventually //-ed// took over in all of the contexts and //-edst// became an archaic form.

Some of the verbs such as //have// or //do//  took the incoming ending later than the others. This is an example of //lexical diffusion// which can be defined as a process during which a linguistics change gradually spreads to all of the relevant verbs but takes longer to get adopted in other contexts (usually words with high frequency such as //have//). 

===== Searching the corpus =====


As the spelling was still relatively variable during the period that the EEBO corpus covers, we have to make sure we include all of the spelling variants when searching for the past tense of the second person singular of the verb //do//. By using the CQL, we can include all of the possible spelling variants  (see [[en:eebo:orthography_spelling|Lesson Two]]). Based on the entry in OED which lists all of the variants, our query would be:

''[word="[dD][iy][d](d)?(e)?(i)?(y)?(s)?(ſ)?t(e)?"]''

When we click on the **frequency** button and select **node forms** in the dropdown menu, we will be able to see which of 63 spelling variants was the most frequently used at that time.

[{{eebo-19.png?300|Spelling variants}}]

For the purpose of this lesson, we will use the most frequent one, that is //didst//. Now we can compare frequencies of these two forms:  //didst// and //did// which eventually substituted the former one in the second person singular.

If we wish to search for both forms in the corpus at the same time we will insert a vertical bar for alternatives as was explained in the previous lesson. This way the concordance list will contain both //did// and //didst// in the results. The query is expressed as follows:

[word=“thou”][word=“didst”]|[word=“thou”][word=“did”] 

The reason why we need to include the pronoun //thou// in our query is that //did// was also used in the first and third person. By including the pronoun, we will be able to eliminate those cases from the concordance list. //Didst// does not require this restriction as it was only used in the second person sg. but in order to ensure comparability we also have to add the pronoun before //did//.

Now we click on the **Frequency** button in the main menu, select **Node forms** in the dropdown menu and a frequency list will appear as can be seen in the following picture. The results reveal that during the period that is covered by the EEBO corpus, //didst// was used approximately ten times more frequently than //did//.



^ do ^ frequency ^1420-1500 (i.p.m.)^1500-1570 (i.p.m.)^ 1570-1640 (i.p.m.)^ 1640-1710 (i.p.m.)^
^ didst| 6,061 |0| 2.41	 | 9.19	|6.28|
^ did |620 |0.14   |0.41| 0.76|0.72|

[{{eebo-15.png?300|Frequency list of node forms/}}]

===== Variation in derivational suffixes=====

So far we have been using the EEBO corpus to observe variation in the verbal endings. Now we move on to the derivational suffixes which are used to form new words by addition of the suffix or prefix to the stem, e.g. //kind// and //kindness//. English has a lot of derivational suffixes, some of which are no longer productive, i.e. they are no longer used to form new words. 

Derivational suffixes //-ity// and //-ness// are both used to form abstract nouns out of adjectives, e.g. pure and purity. While //-ness// is of Germanic origin and has been productive since Old English times, //-ity// is an etymologically foreign suffix which English borrowed from Latin thorugh French. Its foreign provenance is one of the reasons of its restricted productivity as foreign sufixes usually do not attach to  native stems.

To find all of the abstract nouns that could be formed by addition of //-ness// and //-ity// we use the following query:
''[word=".*ness"]''

We form similiar query for //-ity// suffix:
''[word=".*ity"]''
<WRAP round tip 50%>
The full stop wild card subsitutes for any character preceding //-ness// and asterisk repeats any preceding wildcard. Therefore, any number of characters can precede the suffix. 
</WRAP>
If we click on the **Frequency** button and select **Node forms** in the dropdown menu, we will find out what kind of nouns were formed using the respective suffixes :
^-ness^-ity^
|business|authority|
|righteousness|necessity|
|holiness|quantity|
|goodness|charity|
|witness|quality|
|happiness|opportunity|
|darkness|divinity|
|holiness|nobility|
Although the word //City// was first in  the list of node forms, //-ity// is part of the stem of the word, not a suffix. When we compare two lists it is obvious that //-ness// is added to domestic stems which form the core lexis, while //-ity// words represents the vocabulary of higher register.

However, this is not the whole story
<WRAP round tip 50%>
**Task**


</WRAP>
Trace: • syn2010 • collocations • syn2015 • collocations • segmentace • cep • lestrepublicain • alpha • morphology1 • section
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