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en:eebo:morphology2 [2016/11/11 08:07] – [Verbal endings] kristinavalentinyovaen:eebo:morphology2 [2016/11/22 10:50] (current) – veronikapojarova
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-As the spelling was still relatively variable during the period that the EEBO corpus covers, we have to make sure we include all of the spelling variants when searching for the past tense of the second person singular of the verb //do//. By using the CQL, we can include all of the possible spelling variants  (see [[en:eebo:orthography_spelling|Lesson Two]]). Based on the entry in OED which lists all of the variants, our query would be:+As the spelling was still relatively variable during the Early Modern English period, we have to make sure we include all of the spelling variants when searching for the past tense of the second person singular of the verb //do//. By using the CQL, we can include all of the possible spelling variants  (see [[en:eebo:orthography_spelling|Lesson Two]]). Based on the entry in OED, our query would be:
  
 ''[word="[dD][iy][d](d)?(e)?(i)?(y)?(s)?(ſ)?t(e)?"]'' ''[word="[dD][iy][d](d)?(e)?(i)?(y)?(s)?(ſ)?t(e)?"]''
  
-When we click on the **frequency** button and select **node forms** in the dropdown menu, we will be able to see which of 63 spelling variants was the most frequently used at that time.+When we click on the **frequency** button and select **node forms** in the dropdown menu, we will be able to see which of 63 spelling variants was the most frequent one at that time.
  
 [{{eebo-19.png?300|Spelling variants}}] [{{eebo-19.png?300|Spelling variants}}]
  
-For the purpose of this lesson, we will use the most frequent one, that is //didst//. Now we can compare frequencies of these two forms:  //didst// and //did// which eventually substituted the former one in the second person singular.+For the purpose of this lesson, we will use the most frequent one, that is //didst//. Now we can compare frequencies of these two forms:  //didst// and //did//. The latter eventually substituted the former one in the second person singular.
  
-If we wish to search for both forms in the corpus at the same time we will insert a vertical bar for alternatives as was explained in the previous lesson. This way the concordance list will contain both //did// and //didst// in the results. The query is expressed as follows:+If we wish to search for both forms in the corpus at the same time we will insert a vertical bar for alternatives and round brackets as is explained in the previous and following lesson. This way the concordance list will include both //did// and //didst// in the results. The query is expressed as follows:
  
-[word=“thou”][word=“didst”]|[word=“thou”][word=“did”] +[word=“thou”]([word=“didst”]|[word=“did”])
  
-The reason why we need to include the pronoun //thou// in our query is that //did// was also used in the first and third person. By including the pronoun, we will be able to eliminate those cases from the concordance list. //Didst// does not require this restriction as it was only used in the second person sg. but in order to ensure comparability we also have to add the pronoun before //did//.+The reason why we need to include the pronoun //thou// in our query is that //did// was also used in the first and third person, in addition to the second person. By including the pronoun, we will be able to eliminate those results from the concordance list. //Didst// does not require this restriction, as it was only used in the second person singular but in order to ensure comparability we also have to add the pronoun before //did//.
  
 Now we click on the **Frequency** button in the main menu, select **Node forms** in the dropdown menu and a frequency list will appear as can be seen in the following picture. The results reveal that during the period that is covered by the EEBO corpus, //didst// was used approximately ten times more frequently than //did//. Now we click on the **Frequency** button in the main menu, select **Node forms** in the dropdown menu and a frequency list will appear as can be seen in the following picture. The results reveal that during the period that is covered by the EEBO corpus, //didst// was used approximately ten times more frequently than //did//.
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 ^ did |620 |0.14   |0.41| 0.76|0.72| ^ did |620 |0.14   |0.41| 0.76|0.72|
  
-[{{eebo-15.png?300|Frequency list of node forms/}}]+[{{eebo-15.png?300|Frequency list of node forms}}]
  
 ===== Variation in derivational suffixes===== ===== Variation in derivational suffixes=====
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 Derivational suffixes //-ity// and //-ness// are both used to form abstract nouns out of adjectives, e.g. pure and purity. While //-ness// is of Germanic origin and has been productive since Old English times, //-ity// is an etymologically foreign suffix which English borrowed from Latin thorugh French. Its foreign provenance is one of the reasons of its restricted productivity as foreign sufixes usually do not attach to  native stems. Derivational suffixes //-ity// and //-ness// are both used to form abstract nouns out of adjectives, e.g. pure and purity. While //-ness// is of Germanic origin and has been productive since Old English times, //-ity// is an etymologically foreign suffix which English borrowed from Latin thorugh French. Its foreign provenance is one of the reasons of its restricted productivity as foreign sufixes usually do not attach to  native stems.
  
-To find all of the abstract nouns that could be formed by addition of //-ness// and //-ity// we use the following query:+To find all of the abstract nouns that could be formed by addition of //-ness// and //-ity// we use the following (CQL) query :
 ''[word=".*ness"]'' ''[word=".*ness"]''
  
-We form similiar query for //-ity// suffix:+We form similar query for //-ity// suffix:
 ''[word=".*ity"]'' ''[word=".*ity"]''
 <WRAP round tip 40%> <WRAP round tip 40%>
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 |holiness|nobility| |holiness|nobility|
  
-Although the word //city// was first in  the list of node forms, //-ity// is part of the stem of the word, not a suffix. There are also some examples of numerals such as //thyrity// or //fity// which are not included in the list. When we compare two lists, it is obvious that //-ness// is added to the domestic stems which form the core lexis, while //-ity// words represent the vocabulary of higher register.+Although the word //city// is listed first in  the list of node forms, //-ity// is part of the stem of the word, not a suffix. There are also some examples of numerals such as //thyrity// or //fity// which are not included in this list. When we compare two lists, it is obvious that //-ness// is added to the domestic stems. These words constitute the core of English lexis, while //-ity// words represent the vocabulary of higher register.
  
 **Number of node forms** **Number of node forms**
   * //-ity//: 8889    * //-ity//: 8889 
   * //-ness//:9038    * //-ness//:9038 
-The numbers of node forms for each of the suffixes are surprisingly similar, therefore therefore it seems that productivity of //-ness// is not that much higher as the one of //-ity//. +The numbers of node forms for each of the suffixes are surprisingly similar, therefore it seems that productivity of //-ness// is not that much higher as the one of //-ity//. 
-However, this is not the whole story. Using, the EEBO corpus, we can also observe how did the productivity of these two suffixes alter over the time period that EEBO covers. We just need to **Specify query according to the meta-information** in the main form and select the period within which we wish to search for node forms.+However, this is not the whole story. Using, the EEBO corpus, we can also observe how the productivity of these two suffixes alter over time. We just need to **Specify query according to the meta-information** in the main form and select the period within which we wish to search for the node forms.
 ^period^1420-1500^1500-1570^1570-1640^1640-1710^ ^period^1420-1500^1500-1570^1570-1640^1640-1710^
 ^-ness|7|101|710|8796| ^-ness|7|101|710|8796|
 ^-ity|5|413|3345|7543| ^-ity|5|413|3345|7543|
-In both cases, the number of node forms is steadily increasing with the lowest number in 15th century and the highest in the 17th century.+In both cases, the number of node forms is steadily increasing with the lowest number in the 15th century and the highest in the 17th century.
 <WRAP round help 40%> <WRAP round help 40%>
 **Task** **Task**
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 </WRAP> </WRAP>
  
 +----
  
 +**If you are ready, you can continue to the final lesson in this series, [[en:eebo:multiword|Lesson 8]].**
 +
 +----
  
  

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