====== Morfio ======

{{ :manualy:morfio_logo.png?nolink&200|}}

The //[[https://morfio.korpus.cz|Morfio]]// application serves to give estimates of the extent and productivity of morphological models in Czech based on corpus data. It is therefore a tool which can be used in morphological research, especially for the study of derivation.

Morfio is an online application and is accessible without  [[en:kurz:zaciname|registration]] to all users at  **[[http://morfio.korpus.cz|morfio.korpus.cz]]**. 


The application includes a detailed manual and description of displayed results. Just like in other applications (e.g. [[en:manualy:syd|SyD]]),  Morfio provides a permanent link leading to the input query, which is therefore appropriate for sharing and citing.

===== Principle =====

Generally every morphological relation -- excluding the semantic component, which cannot be easily grasped computationally -- is created by two other factors:

  - a formal congruence/similarity in particular parts of the word, so-called **bases** (e.g. //dřev-// is held in common by the words //dřevo// and //dřevěný//) 
  - formal differences in specific parts, so-called **formants** (morphs //-o// and //-ěný// from the previous example). 

The aim of the Morfio application is to find all pairs (also groups of three or four), units in the corpus, which have an identical base and differ only in specified formants (and also possible selected sound/phoneme alterations). 

The above example of a morphological model equals pairs of words where the first is a noun ending in //-o// in the nom. sg., and the second word ending in //-ený// nebo //-ěný// in the nom. sg. masc. The base of both words remains unspecified, however it must remain the same in both words. In the results we find pairs of [[en:pojmy:lemma|lemmas]] (or [[en:pojmy:word|word forms]], depending on the initial settings), which fulfil the given condition both semantically and formally:

''dřevo - dřevěný,\\
olovo - olověný,\\
síto - sítěný''

However, we can also find cases where no morphological motivation can be identified:

''milo - milený,\\
živo - živený,\\
dělo - dělený''

Unlike the regular [[wp>onomasiology|onomasiological]] approach (meaning → form), when working with a corpus that is not semantically tagged we must  begin with the form (a [[wp>semasiology|semasiological]] approach). This can pose several problems (e.g. in the case of [[wp>homonym|homonymy]]) whose solutions are outside the scope of this tool and require manual analysis carried out by linguists.

The output of the Morfio application is not and cannot be free of errors and without any further adjustments, revisions and linguistic manipulations cannot generate directly publishable results. It is rather a tool which can rework a large amount of data for linguistic purposes, making analysis faster and more accessible for researchers. As with other corpus search engines, the aim is only to reach a success rate of 100% when searching for a given type ([[en:pojmy:recall|recall]]) and to provide an organized sorting of the results, while their relevance and [[en:pojmy:precision|precision]] is left solely to the user's judgement: i.e. the actual query formulation and the subsequent interpretation of the findings.

==== Alternations ====

To require a precise congruence of form between the individual members of the morphological model would be impractical for a language such as Czech, due to the fact that within the morphological processes there are frequently cases of regular phoneme **alternations** in the base.  The Morfio application reckons with alternations and their range can be set (e.g. the alternation of //e -- é// in //letět -- létat//; //i -- e// in //prosit -- prošen//; //r -- ř// in //starý -- stařec//; //sk -- šť// in //český -- čeština// etc.).

===== Non-Czech versions =====

Morfio has also been successfully adapted to other languages: Polish and Latvian. The language can be switched at the top of the query form under the Language option (the default is Czech). 

===== Application images =====

[{{:kurz:morfio-vysledky.png?direct&200|Query and output screen}}]
[{{:kurz:morfio-retrograd.png?direct&200|Retrograde sorting of the results}}]
[{{:kurz:morfio-prod.png?direct&200|An estimate of the productivity of the individual types}}]
[{{:kurz:morfio-help.png?direct&200|Morfio application help}}]


===== How to cite Morfio =====

<WRAP round tip 80%>
Cvrček, V. – Vondřička, P.: Morfio. FF UK. Praha 2013. Dostupný z WWW: <http://morfio.korpus.cz>.

Cvrček, V. – Vondřička, P. (2013): Nástroj pro slovotvornou analýzu jazykového korpusu. //Gramatika a korpus 2012//. Hradec Králové: Gaudeamus.

**Non-Czech versions:**

Zasina, A. J. (2017): Konkurence koncovek -a a -u v genitivu singuláru neživotných maskulin v polštině. In: M. Stluka – M. Škrabal (eds.): Liſka a czban – Sborník příspěvků k 70. narozeninám prof. Karla Kučery. Praha: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, s. 90–98.

Škrabal, M. – Vondřička, P. – Cvrček, V. (2020): Morfio – A Corpus-Based Perspective on Latvian Morphology. In: A. Utka et al. (eds.): Human Language Technologies – The Baltic Perspective. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference Baltic HLT 2020. Amsterdam: IOS Press, s. 207–214.
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==== Related links ====

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[[en:manualy:kontext:index|KonText interface]] • [[en:manualy:syd|SyD]] • [[en:manualy:kwords|KWords]] • [[en:manualy:treq|Treq]] • [[en:pojmy:korpusovy_manazer|Corpus manager]] • [[en:pojmy:nastroje|Corpus tools]]
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