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en:eebo:orthography_spelling [2016/08/11 17:46] – [Spelling] Veronika Pojarová | en:eebo:orthography_spelling [2018/07/30 14:41] (current) – Václav Cvrček | ||
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- | ====== Lesson 2: Orthography and Spelling. ====== | + | ====== Lesson 2: Orthography and Spelling ====== |
- | The period covered by the EEBO corpus (roughly 1400-1700) is one in which spelling was not as stable as it is in the present day. As a result of this, one word could have a number of forms, and it is necessary to keep this in mind when conducting a corpus search. For example, the word love also appeared with <u>, as in //loue//, but its other variants include //leoue//, //lowe//, //lowfe// and //lovue//. When searching for a specific lexical item, it is always advisable to consult a reliable source, such as OED Online, for all the possible forms (spelling variants) available in the given period. | + | The period covered by the [[en: |
====== Special symbols ====== | ====== Special symbols ====== | ||
Although the orthography of Early Modern English is very similar to that which we use today, there are several letters, mostly from Old English, which are no longer in use in Present day English. | Although the orthography of Early Modern English is very similar to that which we use today, there are several letters, mostly from Old English, which are no longer in use in Present day English. | ||
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* representing the open front vowel is the letter “ash” <æ>, also available on the Icelandic keyboard (Íslenska) | * representing the open front vowel is the letter “ash” <æ>, also available on the Icelandic keyboard (Íslenska) | ||
- | // | + | The Icelandic keyboard contains the symbols for “thorn” and “ash” which we may need especially when searching in older sections of the corpus |
+ | |||
+ | {{: | ||
====== Spelling ====== | ====== Spelling ====== | ||
^ feature ^ description ^ | ^ feature ^ description ^ | ||
- | | **< | + | | **<v>, <u> and <w>** | there was no distinction between <v> and <u>, and occasionally <w>; they were variants of a single letter, for example in //vntill// (until), //euill// (evil), //giue vp// (give up), //brawe// (brave)| |
| **<y> and <i>** | the letters <y> and <i> were frequently interchanged to represent the close front vowel [i], such as //rayne// (rain) | | | **<y> and <i>** | the letters <y> and <i> were frequently interchanged to represent the close front vowel [i], such as //rayne// (rain) | | ||
| **<i> and <j>** | apart from representing the close front vowel , <i> also functioned as a variant of the consonant letter <j>, hence the forms //ielous// (jealous) and //iust// (just) | | | **<i> and <j>** | apart from representing the close front vowel , <i> also functioned as a variant of the consonant letter <j>, hence the forms //ielous// (jealous) and //iust// (just) | | ||
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* the letter <o> frequently represented the sound which we often write as <u>, for example //ſommer// (summer) | * the letter <o> frequently represented the sound which we often write as <u>, for example //ſommer// (summer) | ||
* the postalveolar fricative [ʃ] (the initial sound in shoe) was occasionally represented by the letter <c>, such as in //nacions// (nations), | * the postalveolar fricative [ʃ] (the initial sound in shoe) was occasionally represented by the letter <c>, such as in //nacions// (nations), | ||
- | * the syllable <-ic> was often spelt < | + | * the syllable < -ic> was often spelt < -ick>, such as in //publick// (public) |
As a result, we are faced with forms such as // | As a result, we are faced with forms such as // | ||
- | ====== | + | ====== |
- | In order to secure as many permutations as possible, the query can be written in [[en:pojmy:dotazovaci_jazyk|CQL]] (Corpus Query Language) using a number of regular expressions. Furthermore, | + | If searching simply for one particular form, we may use the [[en:manualy:kontext: |
- | [word=" | + | |
- | Frequency > Node forms provides a listing of all types found with the given query in order of frequency. | + | |
- | // | + | |
- | A more extreme | + | However, in order to secure as many permutations as possible, the query can be written in [[en: |
- | Godly: [word=" | + | |
- | This gives us the frequent forms //godly, goodly, godlie, godlye// and // | + | For example searching for the two forms //love// and //loue// simultaneously requires use of the vertical bar '' |
+ | |||
+ | '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Keeping in mind that CQL is case-sensitive, | ||
+ | |||
+ | '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Say that we would like to add the variant //lov// (also a legitimate ME/EModE variant) to our four forms. For this operation, we may use another regular expression, the question mark ''?'', | ||
+ | |||
+ | '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP round tip 50%> | ||
+ | Question: We want to find all possible forms of the lexical item //divine//. How should the query be written in order to return as many variants as possible? | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | After consulting an etymological dictionary and also based on our previous experience, we know that we may expect forms such as //diuine//, //deuine//, //dywine//, and //divinne// (among many others). The vowel can be either //e//, //i// or //y//, which is simplified as '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Frequency -> Node forms** provides a list of all types found with the given query in order of their frequency. | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{: | ||
+ | |||
+ | A similar | ||
+ | |||
+ | '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | This query returns not only the frequent forms //godly, goodly, godlie, godlye// and // | ||
=== Task: Spelling variants === | === Task: Spelling variants === | ||
- | Na konkrétním případu si ukažme, jak rozdílné výsledky jednotlivé asociační míry poskytují. | ||
<WRAP round help 50%> | <WRAP round help 50%> | ||
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</ | </ | ||
+ | ---- | ||
+ | |||
+ | **If you are ready, you can continue to [[en: | ||
+ | |||
+ | ---- |