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en:eebo:orthography_spelling [2016/08/11 17:46] – [Spelling] Veronika Pojarováen:eebo:orthography_spelling [2018/07/30 14:41] (current) Václav Cvrček
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-====== Lesson 2: Orthography and Spelling====== +====== Lesson 2: Orthography and Spelling ====== 
-The period covered by the EEBO corpus (roughly 1400-1700) is one in which spelling was not as stable as it is in the present day. As a result of this, one word could have a number of forms, and it is necessary to keep this in mind when conducting a corpus search. For example, the word love also appeared with <u>, as in //loue//, but its other variants include //leoue//, //lowe//, //lowfe// and //lovue//. When searching for a specific lexical item, it is always advisable to consult a reliable source, such as OED Online, for all the possible forms (spelling variants) available in the given period.+The period covered by the [[en:cnk:eebo|EEBO corpus]] (roughly 1400-1700) is one in which spelling was not as stable as it is in the present day. As a result of this, one word could have a number of forms, and it is necessary to keep this in mind when conducting a corpus search. For example, the word //love// also appeared with <u>, as in //loue//, but its other variants include //leoue//, //lowe//, //lowfe// and //lovue//. When searching for a specific lexical item, it is always advisable to consult a reliable source, such as [[http://www.oed.com|OED Online]], for all the possible forms (spelling variants) available in the given period.
 ====== Special symbols ====== ====== Special symbols ======
 Although the orthography of Early Modern English is very similar to that which we use today, there are several letters, mostly from Old English, which are no longer in use in Present day English. Although the orthography of Early Modern English is very similar to that which we use today, there are several letters, mostly from Old English, which are no longer in use in Present day English.
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   * representing the open front vowel is the letter “ash” <æ>, also available on the Icelandic keyboard (Íslenska)   * representing the open front vowel is the letter “ash” <æ>, also available on the Icelandic keyboard (Íslenska)
  
-//EEBO_pic01.png The Icelandic keyboard contains the symbols for “thorn” and “ash” which we may need especially when searching in older sections of the corpus//+The Icelandic keyboard contains the symbols for “thorn” and “ash” which we may need especially when searching in older sections of the corpus in [[en:manualy:kontext:index|KonText]]: 
 + 
 +{{:en:eebo:eebo_pic_01.png?direct&300|The Icelandic keyboard in the Kontext interface}}
  
  
 ====== Spelling ====== ====== Spelling ======
 ^ feature ^ description ^ ^ feature ^ description ^
-| **<v> and <u>** | there was no distinction between <v> and <u>; they were variants of a single letter, for example in //vntill// (until), //euill// (evil), //giue vp// (give up)|+| **<v><u> and <w>** | there was no distinction between <v> and <u>, and occasionally <w>; they were variants of a single letter, for example in //vntill// (until), //euill// (evil), //giue vp// (give up), //brawe// (brave)|
 | **<y> and <i>** | the letters <y> and <i> were frequently interchanged to represent the close front vowel [i], such as //rayne// (rain) |  | **<y> and <i>** | the letters <y> and <i> were frequently interchanged to represent the close front vowel [i], such as //rayne// (rain) | 
 | **<i> and <j>** | apart from representing the close front vowel , <i> also functioned as a variant of the consonant letter <j>, hence the forms //ielous// (jealous) and //iust// (just) | | **<i> and <j>** | apart from representing the close front vowel , <i> also functioned as a variant of the consonant letter <j>, hence the forms //ielous// (jealous) and //iust// (just) |
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   * the letter <o> frequently represented the sound which we often write as <u>, for example //ſommer// (summer)   * the letter <o> frequently represented the sound which we often write as <u>, for example //ſommer// (summer)
   * the postalveolar fricative [ʃ] (the initial sound in shoe) was occasionally represented by the letter <c>, such as in //nacions// (nations),    * the postalveolar fricative [ʃ] (the initial sound in shoe) was occasionally represented by the letter <c>, such as in //nacions// (nations), 
-  * the syllable <-ic> was often spelt <-ick>, such as in //publick// (public)+  * the syllable < -ic> was often spelt < -ick>, such as in //publick// (public)
  
 As a result, we are faced with forms such as //vnleſſe// (unless), //punniſhing// (punishing) and //lykewyſe// (likewise) As a result, we are faced with forms such as //vnleſſe// (unless), //punniſhing// (punishing) and //lykewyſe// (likewise)
  
-====== Constructing the query ====== +====== Searching the corpus ====== 
-In order to secure as many permutations as possible, the query can be written in [[en:pojmy:dotazovaci_jazyk|CQL]] (Corpus Query Language) using a number of regular expressions. Furthermore, the CQL query mode in the [[en:kontextKonText]] interface is case sensitive, and therefore both variants should be included in the query in order for us to obtain as many relevant hits as possible. See several examples below: +If searching simply for one particular formwe may use the [[en:manualy:kontext:novy_dotaz|basic query]] as described in our [[en:eebo:first_query|first lesson ]].
-[word="[dD][eiy][uvw][iy]nn?e?"+
-Frequency > Node forms provides a listing of all types found with the given query in order of frequency. +
-//EEBO_pic02.png //+
  
-more extreme example is with the word godly: +However, in order to secure as many permutations as possible, the query can be written in [[en:pojmy:dotazovaci_jazyk|CQL]] (Corpus Query Language) using a number of regular expressions. Furthermore, the CQL query mode in the [[en:kontext| KonText]] interface is case sensitive, and therefore both variants should be included in the query in order for us to obtain as many relevant hits as possible. 
-Godly: [word="[gG]oo?dle?[yi]c?k?e?"+ 
-This gives us the frequent forms //godly, goodly, godlie, godlye// and //goodlye//, but also much less frequent (and much less anticipated) variants such as //godlyc// and even //godlycke//. In the latter we can observe remnants of the Old English adjectival suffixes <-līc> and <-līce>.+For example searching for the two forms //love// and //loue// simultaneously requires use of the vertical bar ''|'', which is a regular expression functioning as "or", i.e. it returns either //love// or //loue// 
 + 
 +''[word="love"]|[word="loue"]'' 
 + 
 +Keeping in mind that CQL is case-sensitive, and so it is necessary to add the forms with capital letters. When another pair of square brackets ''[]'' is inserted into those which delimit the "word", the items within those square brackets form a set from which only one is selected. Therefore the forms //Love//, //Loue//, //love// and //loue// are all contained in the following query: 
 + 
 +''[word="[Ll]o[vu]e"]'' 
 + 
 +Say that we would like to add the variant //lov// (also a legitimate ME/EModE variant) to our four forms. For this operation, we may use another regular expression, the question mark ''?'', which indicates that the element directly preceding it is optional. With this symbol, there is no need to add ''[word="[Ll]ov"]'' - the query can be simplified thus: 
 + 
 +''[word="[Ll]o[vu]e?"]'' 
 + 
 +<WRAP round tip 50%> 
 +Question: We want to find all possible forms of the lexical item //divine//. How should the query be written in order to return as many variants as possible? 
 +</WRAP> 
 + 
 +After consulting an etymological dictionary and also based on our previous experience, we know that we may expect forms such as //diuine//, //deuine//, //dywine//, and //divinne// (among many others). The vowel can be either //e//, //i// or //y//, which is simplified as ''[eiy]''. The same is true of the set ''[uvw]''. The form always contains at least one nasal //n//, while the second is only optional (indicated by the question mark). The final silent //e// is also optional. The resulting query should look like this: 
 + 
 +''[word="[dD][eiy][uvw][iy]nn?e?"]'' 
 + 
 +**Frequency -> Node forms** provides a list of all types found with the given query in order of their frequency. 
 + 
 +{{:en:eebo:eebo_pic_02.png?direct&300 |}} 
 + 
 +similar example is with the word //godly//
 + 
 +''Godly: [word="[gG]oo?dle?[yi]c?k?e?"]'' 
 + 
 +This query returns not only the frequent forms //godly, goodly, godlie, godlye// and //goodlye//, but also much less frequent (and much less anticipated) variants such as //godlyc// and even //godlycke//. In the latter we can observe remnants of the Old English adjectival suffixes <-līc> and <-līce>.
  
  
 === Task: Spelling variants === === Task: Spelling variants ===
  
-Na konkrétním případu si ukažme, jak rozdílné výsledky jednotlivé asociační míry poskytují. 
  
 <WRAP round help 50%> <WRAP round help 50%>
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 </WRAP> </WRAP>
  
 +----
 +
 +**If you are ready, you can continue to [[en:eebo:competing_forms|Lesson 3]].**
 +
 +----